Guerrilla Warfare: History of the Chinese Ninja

The origin of guerrilla warfare used strategically in organised conflict can be found in Sun Tzu's famous Chinese work, the Art of War, a collection of battlefield strategies and anecdotes for planning and waging war. Sun Tzu's writings were guarded as shrine relics for centuries by the Buddhist temples in Japan, from which the ninja (shinobi-no-mono) originated during the Chinese Tang dynasty, circa 700-900 A.D.
Despite many references to alleged "Chinese ninja" (lin-kuei/moshuh nanren), no such thing exists outside roleplaying and video games. There never was a lin-kuei, such allegations are purely fictional. However, there is a Chinese reference to "tiangou" being driven from the country during the Tang dynasty by Zhang Xian, one of the legendary eight immortals. These "tiangou" gave rise to the Japanese legend of the "tengu" (demons) who guarded ninja temples, suggesting a migration from China to Japan around that time period.
Concerning the Bujinkan which is supposedly the only legitimate ninjutsu organisation, I can tell you for certainty that only 3 of the 9 schools of Bujinkan actually derive from ninjutsu. The rest of Bujinkan's schools are derived from samurai lineages, not from actual ninja schools. One style which the Bujinkan does not recognize is Fuma-ryu, which is perhaps the only "true" legitimate style of ninjutsu. Takeda Shingon (koga-ryu), Fuma Kotaro (fuma-ryu) and Hattori Hanzo (iga-ryu) all have families originating in the Wu kingdom of China, and even the Bujinkan itself states that many of its ninjutsu styles originated from Tang, China during the time of its collapse.
Now leaving Japan and going back to China, it is said that the Tang dynasty ended when Zhu Wen, the leader of a gang of bandits, joined the armies of Huang Chao and became a famous general. Zhu Wen was captured by the Tang army and promoted to their ranks when he betrayed Huang Chao to his death. Zhu Wen became Emperor Ai's personal advisor and bodyguard, before poisoning him to death in 907 A.D. and becoming emperor himself.
Going back further to Sun Tzu, he makes reference to "gokan" (spies) in his Art of War, and uses them successfully in service to Wang Helu of the Wu kingdom. Sun Tzu was indeed an excellent strategist, but true credit to Wu's victory belongs to Wu Zixu, the person who recommended Sun Tzu in the first place. Wu Zixu also recommended several famous "ci'ke" (assassins) to Wang Helu including Zhuan Zhu, Yao Li, and the rebel warlord Fugai.
However, there is one Chinese assassin and guerrilla warlord strategist who far predates all of them. Yi Yin was the very first Chinese assassin for which there is any historical evidence of credibility. Yi Yin was the prime minister of the Shang dynasty (c. 1050 B.C.) and military advisor of Shang Tang, having helped him to defeat Wang Jie of the Xia kingdom. Yi Yin was also the retainer of Wang Chen and according to one account, Yi Yin snuck into Wang Zhou's castle at night and assassinated him. Another legend tells how Yi Yin assumed the throne after Shang Tang's death by murdering his son, Shang Taijia, although some records show him as Taijia's mentor instead.

To be continued...

Source: http://feedproxy.google.com/~r/RolePlayGateway/~3/s6hVFQBbitg/viewtopic.php

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